Thanks for the response @remi.cresson. I tried the mean shift algorithm in ArcPro and it only took 2.5 minutes on the same image (using 2 cores). I’m not sure if these algorithms are comparable, even though they have the same name. I’ve found ESRI documentation to be pretty opaque.
In general, I get a better looking segmentation with Orfeo Large Scale Mean Shift than ArcPro, but if I can’t get the runtime down, I won’t be able to use Orfeo.